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Topology

discv5 DHT

Key metrics on network structure, geographic peer distribution, client diversity, and connection patterns across the Ethereum network. All metrics in this section refer to the Consensus Layer discv5 DHT.

Geographic Distribution

Node IP address to country, city, and autonomous system (ASN) mapping, based on data sourced from https://ipregistry.co/.

Peers By City

Peers By City

This map shows the online peers per city in the last crawl of the latest day. The city and its coordinates come from the IP address mapping of ipregistry.co. Peers without a known city are not on the map. The text below the map shows how many peers are not on the map.

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Geolocation Over Time

DHT Server geolocation per agent version over time

Countries Distribution (24h)

Snapshot of active agents geolocation within the last 24hrs

Cities Over Time

Cities Over Time

Shows the number of online peers in the ten cities with the most peers over time. The other cities are in "Other". The city of a peer comes from the IP address mapping of ipregistry.co. Peers without a known city are not in this chart.

Online peers in the largest cities

Autonomous Systems Over Time

Autonomous Systems Over Time

Shows the number of online peers in the ten largest autonomous systems (ASNs) over time. The other ASNs are in "Other". The ASN of a peer comes from the IP address mapping of ipregistry.co. Peers without a known ASN are not in this chart.

Online peers in the largest autonomous systems (ASNs)

ASN Concentration

ASN Concentration

Shows how concentrated the online peers are in autonomous systems (ASNs). Only peers with a known ASN count. Select a view:

  • Largest ASNs: the share of the peers in the largest ASN and in the ten largest ASNs.
  • ASNs for 50%: the smallest number of ASNs that together host half of the peers. A low number means that a few network operators host much of the network.
  • HHI: the Herfindahl-Hirschman index of the ASN shares, from 0 (spread over many ASNs) to 10,000 (all peers in one ASN).

How many autonomous systems host the online peers

Agent Version Distributions

Network structure representation through client and agent distribution.

Client Diversity Trend

Client Diversity Trend

Shows the evolution of different user agent types (client software) participating in the network, over time.

Each agent type represents a different implementation and and indicates its relative prevalence within the network for the given reporting period. This chart helps track software diversity, adoption of new client versions, and overall network health, in terms of active nodes in the network.

The Unknown category represents nodes where the agent version could not be retrieved through the libp2p identify protocol. This situation can occur due to various reasons, such as the node terminating the connection before completing the full protocol negotiation.

Client participation over time

Active Agents Distribution (24h)

Snapshot of active agents within the last 24hrs

Agent Versions Trend

Agent version participation over time

Agent Version Distribution (24h)

Snapshot of versions active per agent within the last 24hrs

Protocols & Infrastructure

Key metrics on supported protocols per agent version, as well as intrastructure providers.

Quic Support Over Time

Quic Support Over Time

Tracks the adoption of QUIC protocol support across different client implementations, over time. QUIC provides improved performance, security, and connection reliability compared to traditional TCP. This chart shows which client types support QUIC and how adoption evolves, helping assess the network's transition to more efficient transport protocols.

Count of nodes that support QUIC per agent version

Cloud Provider Dependency Over Time

Count of nodes deployed per cloud provider and per agent

Supported Protocols Over Time

Number of peers supporting the top 40 protocols in the network.

Attestation Subnet Subscription Distribution (24h)

Attestation Subnet Subscription Distribution (24h)

This graph shows the distribution of attestation network subscriptions by agent type. It shows you how many nodes running a certain client implementation are subscribed to a specific number of attestation networks. The numbers that are show here show the average subscriptions during the latest 24h time window. Over the course of 24 hours we perform multiple crawls of the discv5 DHT and this graph shows the average distribution across the crawls.

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Fork Support

Prevalence of fork support in the Ethereum network.

Fork Digest Over Time

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Next Fork Version Over Time

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Related Work

Blog posts, papers and talks by the ProbeLab team about Ethereum.

From rawpixel.com / Freepik
Blog post

ProbeLab's 2025 Review and 2026 Outlook

What we've achieved in 2025 and what we're targeting in 2026

MIDDLEWARE '25 Conference Paper
Paper

PANDAS: Peer-to-peer, Adaptive Networking Allowing Data Availability Sampling within Ethereum Consensus Timebounds

Layer-2 protocols such as rollups can help address Ethereum's throughput limits. An efficient data availability layer is key for layer-2 support in Ethereum, but broadcast …

SIGMETRICS '26 Conference Paper
Paper

Multiple Sides of 36 Coins: Measuring Peer-to-Peer Infrastructure Across Cryptocurrencies

Blockchain technologies underpin an expanding ecosystem of decentralized applications, financial systems, and infrastructure. However, the fundamental networking layer that sustains these systems, the peer-to-peer (P2P) …

Ethereum Logo Blog Hero
Blog post

Behind the Scenes of Ethereum's Pectra Upgrade: A Data-Driven Analysis

The Pectra Upgrade in Numbers from the P2P Network.

Springer Cluster Computing Journal Article
Paper

The Impact of Connectivity and Software in Ethereum Validator Performance

Modern public blockchains like Ethereum rely on p2p networks to run distributed and censorship-resistant applications. With its wide adoption, it operates as a highly critical …

EthResearch Technical Report
Paper

Empirical Blob Sidecar Hit Rate Based on Local EL’s Mempool

This empirical study measures blob sidecar availability in Ethereum's execution layer (EL) mempool to assess the feasibility of distributed block building for reducing validator bandwidth …